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Information

Brucella colony appearance

Transmission

Ecology of zoonotic Brucella infections

Symptoms

In cows

There is no effective way to detect infected animals by their appearance. The most obvious signs in pregnant animals are abortion or birth of weak calves. Milk production may be reduced from changes in the normal lactation period caused by abortions and delayed conceptions. Other signs of brucellosis include an apparent lowering of fertility with poor conception rates, retained afterbirths with resulting uterine infections, and (occasionally) enlarged, arthritic joints.

In dogs

In dogs, the Brucellosis bacteria normally settle down in the genitals and the lymphatic system, but it is possible for it to spread to the kidneys, eyes and the intervertebral disc as well. When Brucellosis infects the intervertebral disc, the result is discospondylitis. In dogs, symptoms from the reproductive organs are common. Male dogs can for instance develop scrotal and testicular inflammations, while female dogs can have miscarriages. Fever is uncommon, but the pain associated with Brucellosis can make the dog weak. If the disease spreads to kidneys, eyes or the intervertebral disc symptoms can begin to show from these organs.

In pigs

The time between infection and the appearance of clinical signs of disease can range from about 1 week to 2 months. Signs that a herd has become infected are mainly those of reproductive failure – abortions, returns-to- service after mating and the birth of weak or stillborn piglets. Some sows may develop an infection of the uterus and show a vaginal discharge. Infected boars may develop swollen, inflamed testicles. Both sexes may become lame with swollen joints and/or develop signs of incoordination and hind leg paralysis.

Diagnosis

1.Isolation and identification of agent
Brucella species can be recovered from numerous tissue and secretions, particularly fetal membranes, vaginal secretions, milk(or udder secretions), semen, arthritis of hygroma fluids, and the stomach content, spleen and lung from aborted fetuses. Most Brucella species from colonies within a few days on selective media. When the plates are viewed in daylight through a transparent medium, these colonies are translucent and a pale honey color. When viewed from above, colonies appear convex and pearly white. Later colonies become larger and slightly darker.
2.Nucleic acid Method
PCR is a convenient tool for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Numerous PCR- based assays have been developed for the identification of Brucella to improve diagnostic capabilities. A genus-specific PCR assay is adequate to the simple identification of Brucella.
3.Serological diagnosis
There are many serological tests. Serological tests commonly used to test individual cattle or herds include the buffered Brucella antigen test, complement fixation, indirect or competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA) and fluorescence assay.